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DNA

Human DNA - this picture is backwards

Vulcan DNA schematic

Vulcan DNA

Deoxyribose Nucleic acid (DNA) is the building block of life. It is the blueprint for a living organism and encodes amino acids for polypeptides which form proteins, which, when properly sequenced, form cellular pathways that together form the physical structure and anatomical characteristics of an organic lifeform.

By matching DNA gene types, Starfleet was able to identify Jono as Jeremiah Rossa. (TNG: "Suddenly Human")

If DNA is changed in some way, the host organism responds to the change by re-making itself in the form specified by the new DNA, often extremely rapidly. Semi-corporeal beings such as the Founders also had DNA though there is no evidence they had any cellular structure or indeed any cells.

In 2369, following clues developed by his mentor, Richard Galen, Jean-Luc Picard discovered evidence that an ancient race of humanoids had seeded many planets with their DNA billions of years earlier. The evidence suggested that Humans, Romulans, Klingons, Cardassians, and others may have far more in common than previously believed. (TNG: "The Chase")

The result of Progenitor DNA being spread across the galaxy is the humanoid form itself. This DNA creates a tendency toward a specific external form. The similarity created allows even for inter-species reproduction between species that evolved quadrants apart. It should be noted that the internal workings even down to the base element of the blood can still be quite diverse.

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