(covers information from several alternate timelines)
A navigational sensor or navigation sensor was a type of sensor array used specifically for the purpose of navigating a starship. A magnetic flux caused false readings of the navigation sensors. (ENT: "Cogenitor")
Travis Mayweather upgraded the navigation sensors of Enterprise NX-01 in 2153. (ENT: "Singularity") He increased the range of the navigation sensors to allow him to make course corrections a lot quicker. (ENT: "Horizon")
Because of an Andorian jamming signal, a shuttlepod piloted by Jonathan Archer lost its navigational sensors. (ENT: "Cease Fire") Archer was later able to identify the navigation sensors aboard Skalaar's Tellarite freighter, the Tezra. (ENT: "Bounty")
Enterprise experienced problems with its navigational sensors but Mayweather had already run two diagnostics on them. (ENT: "Harbinger")
Captain Jean-Luc Picard asked the Traveler if it was true what the navigation sensors told him – that the USS Enterprise-D was millions of light years away from their previous position. (TNG: "Where No One Has Gone Before")
In an alternate timeline, Data reported that the navigational sensor array went offline following an attack by three K'Vort-class Klingon battle cruisers. (TNG: "Yesterday's Enterprise")
In 2366, Wesley Crusher reported an unusual echo from the navigational sensors to Lieutenant Commander Data. (TNG: "Tin Man")
In 2367, the navigational sensor on the Galaxy-class starships was managed by the navigational sensor array system. In that year, when Data hijacked the USS Enterprise-D, he issued a command override on this system giving him complete control of the system from the bridge. (TNG: "Brothers")
In 2369, Major Kira Nerys made a log entry where she mentioned that a rescue mission for Benjamin Sisko was in the works. Before starting the mission, the navigational sensors needed a recalibration to work under the specific conditions inside the wormhole. (DS9: "Emissary")
Jadzia Dax was unable to get the navigational sensors of a Bajoran raider online, much to her concern, but Kira told her that "they'll have to fly by the seat of our pants." (DS9: "The Siege")
In 2370, after passing through a transwarp conduit, the ship's navigational sensors stated that the ship had traveled sixty-five light years from its previous position. (TNG: "Descent")
B'Elanna Torres told Captain Kathryn Janeway that she was able to modify the navigational sensors of the USS Voyager to detect the masked warp trail of Dreadnought. (VOY: "Dreadnought") Captain Janeway herself was also able to recalibrate the navigational sensors and enhance their range. (VOY: "Relativity")
In 2374, Seven of Nine designed new navigational sensors with alphanumerics from the Borg. (VOY: "Revulsion")
The navigational sensors of the Class 2 shuttle Cochrane went offline after it was hit by a subnucleonic beam of a Hirogen ship. (VOY: "Hunters")
The navigational sensors of the USS Voyager malfunctioned several times. (VOY: "The Haunting of Deck Twelve", "The Void")
Harry Kim told the Kraylor Terek that he had to realign the primary navigational sensor first, while making repairs on his ship. (VOY: "Nightingale")