The Capitoline Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, the traditional founders of Rome.
The Romans were an advanced human society on Earth, with a highly developed culture, that controlled the Roman Empire during the the planet's early centuries. The Romans, and their Empire were centralized in Rome located in the future nation-state called Italy (later the capital was moved to Constantinople in the nation-state of Turkey). The official language of the Romans was known as Latin.
Several scenes of Roman life, including the statue of Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus being suckled by the Capitoline Wolf and a chariot race were seen in the time stream as the timeline realigned itself after Jonathan Archer restored a damaged timeline. (ENT: "Storm Front, Part II")
An extremely popular Roman condiment is garum, brewed from fish stock and spices. (TOS: "Bread and Circuses")
Spock's analysis of the degredation of the cultural development of the civilization found on Sigma Draconis VI, was comparable to when the Romans were warring with the barbarians, with Rome eventually being defeated. (TOS: "Spock's Brain"; VOY: "11:59")
Julian Bashir owned a holosuite program entitled Roman chariot races, which depicted this classic form of Roman entertainment. (DS9: "Body Parts")
The proverb, "When in Rome...do as the Romans do", often refers to the practice of following suit with what others are doing, particularly by observing and mimicking the customs of citizens of a foreign land the person is visiting. (DS9: "Let He Who Is Without Sin..."; ENT: "Babel One")
In 2268, the crew of the USS Enterprise discovered the planet 892-IV to be inhabited with Romans, mirroring those of Earth. This was evidence of Hodgkin's Law of Parallel Planetary Development. (TOS: "Bread and Circuses")