A wasp was a winged hive insect from Earth.
In 2267, Doctor Leonard McCoy compared the sting of the flying parasites encountered on Deneva to the sting caused by a wasp or a bee, which also left their stingers behind. (TOS: "Operation -- Annihilate!")
In a deleted scene from the episode "What You Leave Behind", Winn Adami and Dukat encountered a native "cave-wasp" while spelunking the Fire Caves of Bajor. The wasp was annoying Dukat so he tried to swat it away, which angered the creature, causing it to sting him in the neck.